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Pigeons and doves constitute the bird family Columbidae that includes about 310 species. Pigeons are stout-bodied birds with short necks, and short, slender bills with fleshy ceres. They feed on seeds, fruits, and plants. This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones. In general, the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. ''Pigeon'' is a French word that derives from the Latin ''pipio'', for a "peeping" chick, while ''dove'' is a Germanic word that refers to the bird's diving flight. In ornithological practice, "dove" tends to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically, the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the terms. The species most commonly referred to as "pigeon" is the feral rock pigeon, common in many cities. Doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests – often using sticks and other debris – which may be placed in trees, on ledges, or on the ground, depending on species. They lay one or two eggs at a time, and both parents care for the young, which leave the nest after seven to 28 days. Unlike most birds, both sexes of doves and pigeons produce "crop milk" to feed to their young, secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Young doves and pigeons are called "squabs". == Taxonomy and systematics == The Pteroclididae (sandgrouse) were formerly included in the order Columbiformes largely due to their reported ability to drink by the "sucking" or "pumping" action of peristalsis of the esophagus ("The only other group, however, which shows the same behaviour, the Pteroclididae, is placed near the doves just by this doubtlessly very old characteristic."〔Lorenz, K. (1939) Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 41 Zool. Anz. Suppl. 12: 69–102〕 ); more recently, it had been reported that they cannot drink by "sucking" or "pumping", and were treated separately in the order Pteroclidiformes and were considered to be closer to the shorebirds.〔"Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves and Dodos)". Francis Hugh John Crome. ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade (eds.). Vol. 9: Birds II. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. pp. 241–246.〕 Recent phylogenomic studies support the grouping of these pigeons and sangrouse together, along with mesites, forming the sister taxon to Mirandornithes.〔Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014). (Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds ). ''Science'' 346(6215):1320-1331.〕 The Columbidae are usually divided into five subfamilies, probably inaccurately. For example, the American ground and quail doves, which are usually placed in the Columbinae, seem to be two distinct subfamilies.〔Basically, the conventional treatment had two large subfamilies, one for the fruit doves, imperial pigeons, and fruit-pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, three monotypic subfamilies were noted, one each for the genera ''Goura'', ''Otidiphaps'', and ''Didunculus''. The old subfamily Columbinae consists of five distinct lineages, whereas the other four groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships.〕 The order presented here follows Baptista et al. (1997)〔 with some updates.〔 (Supplementary information )〕 Osteology and DNA sequence analyses〔 indicate the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire are better considered as a subfamily Raphinae in the Columbidae pending availability of further information. The arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional, because analysis of different DNA sequences yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. This ambiguity, probably caused by long branch attraction, seems to confirm the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group. The dodo and Rodrigues solitaire are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the three small subfamilies mentioned above, with the fruit-doves and pigeons (including the Nicobar pigeon). Therefore, they are here included as a subfamily Raphinae, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships. Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record. No truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus ''Gerandia'' has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France, but while it was long believed to be a pigeon, it is more likely a sandgrouse. Fragmentary remains of a probably "ptilinopine" Early Miocene pigeon were found in the Bannockburn Formation of New Zealand and described as ''Rupephaps''; ''"Columbina" prattae'' from roughly contemporary deposits of Florida is nowadays tentatively separated in ''Arenicolumba'', but its distinction from ''Columbina/Scardafella'' and related genera needs to be more firmly established (e.g. by cladistic analysis). Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Columbidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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